Space

S6.E4: Better know a treaty: the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has anchored the global nuclear order for more than half a century, yet it was never a consensus, only a bargain between competing interests. More than half a century on, that bargain is under more strain than ever. Born of Cold War fears that nuclear weapons would spread around the world, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opened for signature in 1968 and was extended indefinitely in 1995. It now counts 191 member states, making it one of the most widely joined weapons treaties in history, yet its members are deeply divided over disarmament, nuclear sharing and the…
S6.E3: Better know a treaty: The Outer Space Treaty
The Outer Space Treaty has governed humanity’s activities in space since 1967, but a crowded, commercialised and increasingly militarised space domain is testing its limits. Signed at the height of the Cold War, the Outer Space Treaty banned nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction from orbit and set out space as a domain for peaceful use by all. Nearly six decades later, reports that Russia may be preparing to place a nuclear weapon in orbit, public announcements of on-orbit weapons by the United States and the United Kingdom and the rise of commercial operators are raising new…
Space Cyber Threat Intelligence: Threat Landscape Report 2025
By Clémence Poirier, Center for Security Studies, ETH Zürich, September 2026
“Due Regard” in Outer Space – a Lost Cause?
By Kai-Uwe Schrogl. February2026
Gaining sight: Poland’s investment in space-based ISR
Zuzanna Gwadera, 7 October 2025
Space Capabilities to Support Military Operations in the European Theatre
Dr Alexander K. Bollfrass, Ester Sabatino, Chelsey Wiley, 30 January 2025
A Results-Oriented and Form-Flexible Approach to PAROS
Louis Reitmann, September 2025
The History of PAROS: An Overview of Multilateral Efforts for Space Security
Louis Reitmann, September 2025
Space Capabilities to Support Military Operations in the European Theatre
Alexander Bollfrass, Ester Sabatino and Chelsey Wiley, IISS, 30 January 2025
Mapping the Spread of NewSpace Companies Developing, Testing, Producing or Marketing Missile-related Technology: A Pilot StudyBiological and Chemical Disarmament and Security
Kolja Brockmann and Lauriane Héau, October 2024
The Rise of Small Launchers: What Impact on Ballistic Missile Proliferation?
Christian Maire, HCoC Research Papers n°13, April 2024
Original Sin: Power, Technology, and War in Outer Space
Bleddyn Bowen, (Hurst, 2022)
Escalation Risks at the Space–Nuclear Nexus
Nivedita Raju and Dr Wilfred Wan, February 2024
Critical International Infrastructure: A Case for Secure, Sustainable Non-terrestrial Networking
Sandra Scott-Hayward, GCSP, January 2024
Threat proliferation drives sharper focus on space surveillance
Robert Wall, IISS, December 2023
Advancing Norms for Outer Space Security
Natália Archinard, GCSP, October 2023
The EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence: Towards Strategic Autonomy?
Dr Clara Portela and Dr Raúl González Muñoz, SIPRI - EUNPDC papers, June 2023
ESPI Insights for May 2023
ESPI, May 2023
Reaching for the Stars: China’s Space Ambitions
Sophie-Charlotte Fischer, CSS ETH Zurich, May 2023
Geopolitics of Space
Fabrizio Botti, Ettore Greco, IAI, 23 February 2023
La Chine dans la course à l’orbite basse – Perspectives sur la future constellation internet Guowang (French)
Marc Julienne, IFRI, April 2023
ESPI Insights, Space Sector Watch
ESPI, February 2023
ESPI Insights, Space Sector Watch
ESPI, January 2023
The EU Approach to Space Traffic Management
Giancarlo La Rocca, Karolina Muti, Alessandro Marrone, IAI, 30 juin 2022
Jamming and Cyber Attacks: How Space is Being Targeted in Ukraine
Juliana Suess, RUSI, 5 April 2022
What India’s Budget Needs to Do to Move its Space Program Forward
Konark Bhandari, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace India, 21 February 2022
Space Dossier 7: Norms for Outer Space: A Small Step or a Giant Leap for Policymaking?
Jessica West, Almudena Azcárate Ortega, UNIDIR, 17 March 2022
Military ambitions and competition in space: the role of alliances
Greg Austin, Timothy Wright and Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, IISS, February 2022
UN resolution on norms of responsible behaviours in space – a step forward to preserve stability in space?
ESPI, November 2021
ESA Highlights 2021
ESA, October 2021
Chinese ‘High-Risk’ Corporate Space Actors
Dr Jana Robinson, Prague Security Studies Institute, July 2021
Emerging Spacefaring Nations: Review of selected countries and considerations for Europe
ESPI, June 2021
Commercial Space in Europe: A Balancing Act between Physics, Politics and Profession
KP Ludwig, IFRI, June 2021
ESPI Yearbook 2021
ESPI, 2021
A Proposal for a Ban on Destructive Anti-Satellite Testing: A Role for the European Union
Nivedita Raju, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Papers no. 74, April 2021
Securing the heavens: How can space support the EU’s Strategic Compass?
Daniel Fiott, EU Institute for Security Studies, April 2021
La gouvernance de Galileo, laboratoire de la politique spatiale européenne
(in French), Lou Villafranca Izquierdo, GRIP, March 2021
Un changement de paradigme pour l’Europe spatiale
(in French), Éric André Martin, IFRI, March 2021
Les cybermenaces : un nouvel enjeu pour la sécurité spatiale
Benoit Wagner, IESD, March 2021
China Deploys Beidou to project Power and Influence
Jana Robinson, Patrik Martínek, Jakub Pražák, Kristína Sikoraiová, Prague Security Studies Institute, February 2021
New Space in Asia
European Space Policy Institute, February 2021
Russia’s Space Policy: The Path of Decline?
Florian Vidal, IFRI, January 2021
Marc Julienne, Institut Français de Relations Internationales, January 2021
Space as a Key Element of Europe’s Digital Sovereignty
Jean-Pierre Darnis, IFRI, December 2020
Revolutionary by Design: The US National Security State and Commercialization in the US Space Sector
Torben Schütz, IFRI, December 2020
Current and Future Trends in Chinese Counterspace Capabilities
Brian Weeden, IFRI, November 2020
European Space Strategy in a Global Context
ESPI, November 2020
Le programme spatial du Japon. S’éloigner des objectifs non-offensifs ? (in French)
Lionel Fatton, IFRI, Juillet 2020
Strategic Alert: Space
Hugo van Manen, Frank Bekkers, Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, May 2020
Towards a European Approach to Space Traffic Management
Sebastien Moranta, Tomas Hrozensky and Marek Dvoracek, ESPI, January 2020
India’s Space Program – International Competition and Evolution
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, IFRI, Asie.Visions, No. 111, December 2019
Europe, Space and Defence
ESPI, February 2020
Space:Will Europe Awaken?
Institut Montaigne, February 2020
Space Security the Next Decade
Michael Haas, CSS Analyses in Security Policy n°256, February 2020
The Final Frontier: Prospects for Arms Control in Outer Space
Sergio Marchisio, European Leadership Network, July 2019
Cybersecurity of NATO’s Space-based Strategic Assets
Beyza Unal, Chatham House, July 2019
Réalité et perspectives de l’IoT spatial (in French)
Paul Wohrer, FRS, June 2019
L’évolution du contexte spatial américain (in French)
Xavier Pasco, FRS, June 2019
La Space Force : rupture ou continuité ? (in French)
Paul Wohrer, FRS, March 2019
La ‘mue’ de la politique spatiale allemande : organisation et trajectoire d’une affirmation nationale (in French)
Gaëlle Winter, FRS, March 2019
Will Space-Based Missile Interceptors Weaponise Space?
Michael Elleman, IISS, December 2018
Security in Outer Space: Transatlantic Relations
ESPI, October 2018
Security in Outer Space: Rising Stakes for Europe
ESPI, August 2018
The Art of Space Deterrence
Bleddyn Bowen, European leadership Network, February 2018
The security of space activities
Gérard Brachet, NP paper No.51, July 2016, 10pp.
The EU Dual Approach to Security and Space. Twenty Years of European Policy Making
ESPI, August 2013
Cutting the Bread
Frans G. von der Dunk, Space Policy (2013) 29: 231-233
Advancing International Space Code of Conduct
Jana Robinson, Article for e-International Relations, July 13, 2012
National Space Legislation in Europe: Issues of Authorisation of Private Space Activities in the Light of Developments in European Space Cooperation
Frans G. von der Dunk (ed.), Studies in Space Law, vol. 6. Leiden: Nijhoff, 2011. Chapter 8, pp. 225–262.
The Hague Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation: “Lessons Learned” for the European Union Draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities
Lucia Marta, ESPI Perspectives No. 34, June 2010
Europe and Security Issues in Space: The Institutional Setting
Frans G. von der Dunk, Space and Defense (Winter 2010)
A European “Equivalent” to United States Export Controls: European Law on the Control of International Trade in Dual-Use Space Technologies
Frans G. von der Dunk, Astropolitics 7:2 (May 2009), pp. 101–134